College Players Should Get Paid Essay Example for Free

College Players Should Get Paid Essay In the world, college athletics grows and continues to bring large financial benefits to colleges, universities and even sponsors. This leads to many debates concerning the payment of the athletes. Some people think that scholarship paid to colleges for these student athletes is enough while others claim that the payments might make them to leave the college early for participating in the athletics. Division 1 college athletes should be paid. College athletes put their bodies on the line just like the pros do. Wide receiver Martin Brown tears his ACL and his career in football is over. Defensive tackle Eric Legrand gets paralyzed from the neck down and his career in football is over. Wide receiver Dante Love gets a spinal injury and ends his career in football. Players do a lot for their communities. Like the Santa Ana college football team devoted a whole weekend volunteering in two charity events. Last year Ohio State did community service for a total of about 6,496 hours. Ole Miss has a program call The Ole Miss Rebel Reading Program where they read to local elementary schools. The college athletes bring in a lot of money to their institutions. The players should receive some of this money because without them the schools cannot be able to receive all the popularity and the money. College athletes make enough money for colleges that it would not hurt to give some back. They should take better care of their student-athletes by paying them for their services. Many College athletes live in poverty because the money they get is not sufficient enough to pay for all of the expenses and basic necessities. The athletes that graduate from colleges stay because their parents support them by giving or sending money to them. If college athletes are paid, there would be more athletes graduating from colleges. Paying athletes would be good for everyone and players would be forced to go for college education instead of only concentrating on the sports. The colleges athletes are not allowed to work hence do not get money to purchase the necessities. This leads to players accepting any illegal money, cars, clothes, etc. Most college athletes dont turn professional, so the athletes wont have any working experience when they get into the real world. This would give the non-athletes and advantage in the working world over the athletes. Most of the athletes that have the opportunity to leave school and turn professional do so, because college athletes live in near poverty. To avoid all the illegal gains, the athletes should be paid. Marylands Gary Williams says . some of these guys are pretty poor coming here, and a lot of college students have some money you feel out of place, you dont feel competitive academically sometimes, and I think it could do a lot of good If colleges dont pay the athletes the professional leagues should. Professional leagues such as the NBA, NHL, NFL, and MLB use colleges as minor leagues. Most of the players in these leagues come from universities across the U.S.A. Since the leagues get the athletes from the universities, they should pay them the same way they league players. College athletes should receive money for all of their needs, or if they cant do this the athletes should be given the opportunity to work, which will assist them, learn about working in real world.

Judicial Activism :: essays research papers

Judicial Activism: A Necessary Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judicial activism is rarely needed, but when it is employed, it is only in the most dire of circumstances. It is the broad interpretation of the constitution of the United States by the Supreme Court. Some argue that this should not be done, but if it had not been, slavery would still exist in America. It is obvious that in some cases, it is necessary to expand civil rights beyond what the constitution explicitly states. This was the case in Brown v. Board of Education. 9 black students were allowed into a white school, previously segregated. This was the landmark case in the battle for black civil rights. The judicial activism displayed by the Supreme Court led to an end to segregation, social equality for blacks and allowed them to reach respected positions in the American society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A major effect of the Supreme Courts decision was the desegregation of schools everywhere. Integration became federal law, and schools could no longer bar applicants based on race alone. By enforcing this law, the Court allowed blacks to recieve the same education as whites and effectively removing their status as second-class citizens. They were one step closer to being fully accepted by the white majority. The integration of children's schools was a controversial step, and many southerners opposed it with extreme prejudice. There were riots to oppose this move, but eventually the chaos was subdued and after order was restored, schools were fully integrated. Black children were now on equal footing with white children and could no longer be called less intelligent, as they would recieve the same education. Also, this case led to the 15th amendment, giving blacks the right to vote. This was an important event, effectively making them complete citizens, legally equal to white men in every way. They could now vote for the president, a key part of the representative democracy present in the United States. They became able to directly affect the law, by voting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social equality was a major gain for the blacks. As a result of this case, and others after it, they became increasingly accepted in a previously white-dominated society. With any form of discrimination outlawed and punishable by law, there was no way they could be kept from their rightful position as equals in every respect. Lawsuits against discriminators became increasingly common, and the mindset of the common American was one of tolerance and compassion for

Case Study †Gourmet Burger Kitchen Essay

C. I would say that Paul Campbell is an example of Labour. I think this because the Case study states that he ‘heads’ the company. This statement could suggest that he has a managerial role in the company, which would therefor mean that he is skilled in that particular domain and that he has experience. This could also suggest that he is a paid employee and that he earns a better living than the people working in the kitchen or the servers working in the restaurant. However, some could suiggest that he is an example of enterprise as the statement ‘heads the company’ could also mean that he is the owner of GBK. He might be a owner of the company or a stakeholder which involve some risk taking and some entrepreneurial skills. This being said, I still think that Paul Campbell is an example of Labour and not Enterprise. 2) I believe that GBK is mainly involved in Secondary production and Tertiary production. I would say they are involved in secondary production as the definition of secondary production is the process of converting a primary product into a finished good and that is exactly what GBK are doing. They convert primary goods such as meat and potatoes into burgers and chips. The finished burgers and chips then act as input for the busines. GBK purshase the ingredients needed to create their burgers and then turn the ingredients into the burgers. I also think that GBK is involved in tertiary production as they are commercialising their product in a personal way. They directly sell their product to the customers and not through another company which could be the case for other products such as Michelin tyres, where the tyres are sold in Michelin stores but also through other tyre shops. GBK are provide a service, but also leads to the production of a meal (the burgers) from the raw material (the ingredients). 3) In my opinion, I think GBK could use feeback in order to improve efficiency by using things such customer comments. By using customer comments, they can indentify common complaints such as slow service or rude staff. This would allow them to focuse on what needs to be done/changed to improve the service, quality of food. Customer feedback can help you uncover flaws in your business, whether there’s a technical problem with your website or whether your prices are too high. 4) Sales Revenue – cost of bought in materials, component and services.  £8 –  £0.30 =  £7.70 The added value on a pizza is  £7.70 5) In terms of Labour, GBK might improve their efficiency by educating the staff in such a way that they can answer any questions asked by a customer, maybe teach them social skills in order to ease their relationships with customers. This would also make the workers happier and make them feel empowered which would lead to them enjoying their work more, it would make them feel important. Another way pf improving their efficiency could be by getting rid of the staff which aren’t satisfying the customers and aren’t showing as much enthousiasm towards their work and customers. This would keep the best employees and make GBK more efficient and more successful. Graff showing the effects of increasing the efficiency of labour on success of the business. In terms of Capital, GBK could increase efficiency by investing. They could invest in some new kitchen equipment in order to facilitate the cooking of the burgers and chips. They could also invest in computarised booking, which would facilitate the whole booking idea for customers. Through this, they could also get known by the public if their name is on a few websites, this could increase the demand for GBK. Another way in which they could make their business more efficient would be by using new credit card machines which is to date with the latest technology so that the customers can pay online or from the telephones. In terms of Entreprise, GBK could increase/decrease their willingness to take risks in order to find the right balance and the efficiency needed. They could try new exclusive dishes for example, wich could lead to an increase in GBK demand or in a complete fall. This would be an example of enterprise as it is a matter of making decisions and taking risks. 6) Higher quality, better service, better staff, more exlusive staff, probably more interested in their jobs, better paid, healthier burgers. More exclusive. Reputation more of a restaurant than fast food. I believe GBK can achieve higher levels of added value than Mc Donalds for many different reasons. Firstly, GBK serves way better quality food than Mc donalds does. This is a huge factor regarding that matter as GBK is seen as an actual restaurant and is more exclusive than Mc Donalds. This may lead to different types of customers going to have a meal in GBK, higher class people who can afford better quality people or just people looking for a ‘healthier’ burger than in Mc Donalds. Secondly, the service in GBK is much more satisfying to customers than in Mc donalds. The staff are better trained, treat the customers kindely, and respect them; which is rarely the case in Mc Donalds. In Mc Donalds, you just feel like you’re one of so many other customers and you are just one of so many others having a burger, they don’t give you the satisfaction of having made the effort to go out for a meal and don’t make you feel special at all as a customer which is more the case in GBK. This is one of the reasons why GBK can achieve a higher added value. The staff seem better trained and seem to be enjoying their job a huge amount more than in Mc Donalds. Thirdly, the appearence of the two ‘restaurants’ don’t have much in common appart from the fact that they both serve burgers. GBK restaurants look like proper restaurants, staff have nice uniforms, look nicer, they come to you to order your food and overall just seem kinder. In Mc Donalds, their shops are not very clean, you have to queue to order your food, once the food is ready, which sometimes takes a long time of standing, it’s given to you on a tray. Overall the service in GBK is on a completely different scale than Mc Donalds. Overall, GBK just generally have a higher reputation of quality of service and food thank Mc Donalds which allows them to have higher added value to their products.

Exploratory factor analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3822 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction Hirsch (2005) introduced a new indicator for the assessment of the research performance of scientists. The proposed h-index is intended to measure simultaneously the quality and sustainability of scientific output, as well as, to some extent, the diversity of scientific research. The specific index attracted interest immediately and received great attention in the scientometrics literature. Not only it has found a wide use in a very short time, but also a series of articles were subsequently published either proposing modifications of the original h-index for its improvement, or implementations of the newly proposed index. The h-index (sometimes called the Hirsch index or the Hirsch number) is based on the distribution of citations received by a given researchers publications. By definition: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exploratory factor analysis" essay for you Create order A scientist has index h if h of his Np papers have at least h citations each, and the other (Np h) papers have at most h citations each. The index is designed to improve simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications, to distinguish truly influential (in terms of citations) scientists from those who simply publish many papers. Among the advantages of this index is its simplicity, the fact that it encourages researchers to produce high quality work, the fact that it can combine citation impact with publication activity and that is also not affected by single papers that have many citations. Besides its popularity, a lot of criticism has been raised, too (see, e.g., Adler, Ewing, Taylor, 2009; Schreiber, 2007a; Vinkler, 2007; Meho, 2007), and various modifications and generalizations have appeared (see, e.g., Egghe, 2006a; Jin, Liang, Rousseau, Egghe, 2007; Schreiber, 2007b, 2008b; Sidiropoulos, Katsaros, Manolopoulos 2006; Tol, 2009). The h-index is robust to the numbers of citations received by the papers belonging to the h-core (i.e. the papers receiving h or more citations). To relax this robustness, various modifications have appeared in the literature, e.g. the g-index (Egghe, 2006), the A-index (Jin, 2006), the R-index (Jin et al., 2007), and the hw-index (Egghe and Rousseau, 2008). Since the suggestion of the Hirsch index a lot more h-type variants have been devised in order to overcome this robustness [e.g. the g-index (Egghe, 2006), the A-index (Jin, 2006), the R-index (Jin et al., 2007), and the hw-index (Egghe and Rousseau, 2008)]. However, more and more voices argue against the usefulness of all these measures (see e.g. Bornmann et al., 2009b; Adler, Ewing, Taylor, 2009; Schreiber, 2007a; Vinkler, 2007; Meho, 2007). In the same vein, van Noorden (2010) states that many metrics correlate strongly with one another, suggesting that they are capturing much of the same information about the data they descr ibe. After a comparison of some of the more important variants, Bornmann, Mutz, and Daniel (2008) by performing exploratory factor analysis on a set of some of the most important h-type indices, including the h-index, conclude that indices can be categorized into two basic categories: those that came to the conclusion that essentially there are two types of indices, one type of indices that describe the most productive core of the output of a scientist and tell us the number of papers in the core (p. 836) while and those that the other indices depict the impact of the papers in the core (p. 836). In particular, theAccording to the authors, h-index and the g-index were classified as belonging to the first category, while the A-index and the R-index certainly belong to the second group. However, Bornmann et al. (2008) recommended a more thorough validation of their factor analysis results by using other data sets, especially from different fields of research. Schreiber, Malesios and Psarakis (2011) have shown that the distinction is not so evident for the citation records of 26 physicists, which were previously analyzed (Schreiber, 2008a and 2010b). Specifically, the authors utilized 7 bibliometric indices similar to the analysis of Bornmann et al. (2008), with the addition of standard indicators of quantity and impact, namely total number of publications n, total number of citations S and average number of citations . In particular, the nearly equal factor loadings for g in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the raw data seemed to confirm verify the assumption (Schreiber, 2010a) that the g-index measures both, the quantity and the impact. However, this was not substantiated by the more comprehensive FA. Significant differences to previous analysesthe findings of Bornmann et al. (2008, 2009a, 2009b) have also been found. On the other hand, the results were mostly in agreement with those of Costas Bordons (2007; 2008) and Hendrix ( 2008). In the current article, we expand the previous analysis of Schreiber et al. (2011), by once again utilizing EFA using this time an augmented database consisting of a set of 17 indicators in addition to the h-index that have been proposed in recent years to improve the h-index, illustrated in detail by Schreiber (2010b). The actual values of these indices and some standard bibliometric indicators can be found in Appendix A and a short description in Appendix B. By this we attempt to clarify the properties and behaviour of the latter indices, by coming up with categorizations to latent items provided by the factor analysis. Moreover, we attempt to interpret the categorization of those indices based on previous research and the properties shared by the indices. In addition we investigate the claim that the g-index can be considered to measure both the actual scientific productivity and the scientific impact of a scientist that the g-index can be classified as a bibliometric index that can measure both the quantity of the productive core and the impact of the productive core, a property not shared by the majority of the other indices. 2. Data The data are from 26 present or former members of the Institute of Physics at Chemnitz University of Technology, including all full and associate professors as well as scientists who have been working as assistants or senior assistants (see Table A1). Data collection period covers the time period between January and February 2007, and were collected Data for the subsequent analysis were compiled between January and February 2007 from the ISI Thomson Web of Science (WoS) database Science Citation Index provided by Thomson Scientific in the Web of Science (WoS) (Schreiber, 2007a). The 26 datasets include the citation records of present or former members of the Institute of Physics at Chemnitz University of Technology, including all full and associate professors as well as scientists who have been working as assistants or senior assistants (see Table A1). The datasets for each researcher are indexed A, B, C, .., Z in conformity with the previous analysis (Schreiber, 2007a). In the current article we utilize 18 Hirsch-type indices, namely w, h(2), h, , A, f, t, g, , m, hw, R, Ä §, à Ã¢â€š ¬, e, s, hT and x (Maxprod). In parallel to the h- and g-indices we also utilize the interpolated and in compliance with the analysis of Schreiber (2010b). In addition the standard bibliometric indicators n, n1, S, c1, and for each dataset are also used.   3. Methodology Overview The statistical methodology of EFA can be used to examine for latent associations to identify the latent structure present in a set of observed variables, called the factors or latent variables. In this way, EFA and reduces dimensionality of the data to a few representative factors. , and therefore summarizes the multivariate information in a simpler form. Our aim with the specific paper, is to provide a valid In this paper we employ EFA in order to derive categorizations of the h-index and some of its variants, by employing EFA. Although the sample size used for the factor analysis can be regarded as relatively small (N=26), recent studies based on simulations have shown that when certain conditions exist the small sample size does not play a very important role and reliable FA results can be obtained. Specifically, presence of high communalities, when combined with a relatively small number of factors, tends to alleviate the effects of small sample sizes (Preacher MacCallum, 2002). (For more on this see Schreiber et al. 2011). even with very small sample sizes (e.g. N=10), when certain conditions exist. Specifically, presence of high communalities, when combined with a relatively small number of factors, tends to alleviate the effects of small sample sizes (Preacher MacCallum, 2002). Our analysis is a typical example of the above, since communalities are extremely high (way above 0.9 in almost all variables) and the number of factors is very small (2 factors), indicating that the analysis can produce valid and robust results. Bornmann et al. (2008) have utilized a logarithmic transformation to make their data more suitable for the factor analysis, since EFA techniques require that the variables should be approximately normally distributed. In our case there is no need for such transformation, since the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality has shown that only 3 out of the 18 items deviate from normality at a 5% level of statistical significance (see Table 1). Due to the small number of datasets one would expect that the index values are better described by Students t -distribution. We have performed the respective Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the results in Table 1 confirm that untransformed data are even better described by the t -distribution than by the normal distribution. One possible reason for which in contrast to the data of Bornmann et al. (2008) our datasets of most of the 18 indices are approximately normally distributed is the diversity of the status of the selected researchers. Indeed, among the 26 researchers of our dataset there are young researchers with comparatively low index scores as well as senior professors with high values of most of their indices.   On the other hand, Bornmann et al. (2008) study the data of young researchers, whose index values are small and are concentrated within a very narrow field of values, with the direct consequence of giving extremely skewed distributions. Bornmann et al. (2008) have applied a logarithmic transformation to the raw data before utilizing FA, due to that EFA techniques require that all variables should be approximately normally distributed. To test for normality of our data, Table 1   presents results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality, which indicate that data are adequately normally distributed hence can be forced for conducting FA although are better described by the t-distribution than by the normal distribution . However, it is of interest to check if there are any discrepancies in the results between the raw data and the transformed ones, and thus additionally to the raw data x the logarithmically transformed shifted data (ln(x+1)) and the square-root transformed data were also utilized. The latter transformation was applied in this context by Costas Bordons (2008). Table 1: One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test normal distribution Student distribution Mean Median Std. Dev. D p D p w 3.54 3.5 1.84 0.285 0.029* 0.215 n.s h(2) 5.00 5 1.60 0.230 n.s 0.188 n.s h 14.88 14 6.92 0.186 n.s 0.100 n.s 15.05 14 6.89 0.194 n.s 0.087 n.s A 33.55 29.5 17.8 0.217 n.s 0.096 n.s f 19.23 18 9.59 0.196 n.s 0.096 n.s t 20.92 20 10.44 0.192 n.s 0.120 n.s g 23.96 22 11.99 0.202 n.s 0.094 n.s 24.40 22.4 12.00 0.197 n.s 0.095 n.s m 25.58 23.25 12.95 0.198 n.s 0.107 n.s hw 19.03 17.75 9.20 0.186 n.s 0.092 n.s R 22.18 20.2 10.82 0.199 n.s 0.090 n.s Ä § 19.80 17.55 10.17 0.247 n.s 0.246 n.s à Ã¢â€š ¬ 4.55 2.95 4.93 0.273 0.041* 0.273 0.041* e 16.26 14.3 8.69 0.199 n.s 0.088 n.s s 12.60 10.9 6.64 0.252 n.s 0.252 n.s hT 24.72 22.35 12.32 0.247 n.s 0.247 n.s x 336.7 231 341.3 0.319 0.01* 0.250 n.s *significant at a 5% significance level n.s.: non-significant 3.1 Exporatory Factor Analysis Results We used a least squares factor extraction procedure since it has been argued that the least squares method performs betterwell for small sample sizeswhen using small datasets in comparison to other factor extraction methods such as maximum likelihood (see Ihara and Okamoto, 1985) and a rotated varimax transformation. In order to confirm the suitability of implementing EFA for the specific data and items selected, the EFA gave a value of 0.828 for the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of model adequacy was used (Kaiser, 1974), indicating that the 18 indices are suitable for the factor analysis. It gave an adequate value of 0.828 for the raw data (see Table 2). The results gave also and similar values for the transformed data. Table 2: KMO test Raw indices x ln(x+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡x KMO 0.828 0.822 0.841 p-value 0.001 0.001 0.001 Both the eigenvalue criterion (according to which one drops any factors with an eigenvalue of less than one) and the scree plot criterion indicated the existence of two major latent structures (factors) as the best solution for explaining the variability in the data. The two factors extracted accounted for 97.64%, 96.48% and 97.11% of the total variance in the raw, the log-transformed, and the square-root transformed data, respectively. For the raw data we see that the first factor accounted accounts for the 53.9% of the variance, the second factor for 43.7%. The factor loading matrix of factor loadings for the three models with the 18 indices can be found in Table 3. The corresponding communalities shared by the items are presented in Table 4. Table 3: Varimax rotated loading matrices (applying least squares extraction and Kaiser normalization) for the 3 EFA models with values above 0.7 given in bold face Indices Raw indices x ln(x+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡x Component Component Component 1 2 1 2 1 2 w 0.711 0.629 0.688 0.588 0.702 0.597 h(2) 0.736 0.629 0.749 0.615 0.748 0.618 h 0.827 0.553 0.864 0.492 0.848 0.520 0.827 0.555 0.866 0.493 0.849 0.521 A 0.499 0.863 0.444 0.895 0.471 0.880 f 0.816 0.572 0.850 0.519 0.835 0.543 t 0.784 0.619 0.809 0.585 0.799 0.599 g 0.685 0.727 0.675 0.735 0.682 0.730 0.691 0.722 0.685 0.726 0.690 0.723 m 0.706 0.649 0.650 0.607 0.686 0.624 hw 0.691 0.721 0.677 0.734 0.686 0.726 R 0.678 0.733 0.675 0.734 0.678 0.733 Ä § 0.798 0.587 0.786 0.599 0.792 0.592 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0.675 0.704 0.640 0.753 0.659 0.735 e 0.549 0.836 0.494 0.867 0.523 0.852 s 0.831 0.540 0.836 0.531 0.834 0.534 hT 0.835 0.550 0.851 0.523 0.844 0.534 x 0.770 0.591 0.744 0.619 0.762 0.599 Eigenvalues 9.701 7.873 9.614 7.752 9.717 7.763 Table 4: Variance explained by the 3 EFA models Indices Raw indices x ln(x+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡x w 0.901 0.819 0.849 h(2) 0.938 0.939 0.942 h 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.993 0.994 0.993 A 0.994 0.998 0.997 f 0.994 0.991 0.993 t 0.997 0.997 0.997 g 0.999 0.996 0.998 0.999 0.997 0.998 m 0.919 0.791 0.860 hw 0.999 0.997 0.998 R 0.998 0.995 0.996 Ä § 0.981 0.976 0.978 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0.951 0.977 0.975 e 0.999 0.996 0.998 s 0.982 0.981 0.981 hT 0.999 0.997 0.998 x 0.942 0.937 0.940 A possible interpretation is complicated, when choosing a value of 0.6 as a cut-off threshold for the factor loadings. Then for the raw data 9 items load on both factors, and only h, , Ä § , f, s, hT, x load on only the first factor, while A and e load strongly on the second factor. This confirms from another viewpoint the observation of Schreiber (2010) that A and e are closely related. This could be so, because these indices are the only ones solely based on h and total number of h-core citations S(h) (The related index R is based entirely on S(h)).   The observation of Schreiber (2010b) that the rank orders for w and h(2) are not very different, is reflected in the FA as both indicators share similar loadings on the two dimensions. Both indices along with h are based directly on citation counts for different core sizes. However, in the current analysis, h exhibits different behavior in comparison to w and h(2), since it loads solely on the first factor.   While A and g are both based on the average number of citations in the FA they appear different since A loads highly on the second factor whereas g loads more evenly on both latent structures. For the indices m, f, t and g depending on different average citation numbers we observe that three of them load on both dimensions, while f loads only on the first dimension. Similarly, the Ä §-index seems to differ from g, R and hw although all of them depend on the square root of the summed number of citations. The results of applying EFA to the transformed indices are very similar to the categorizations given for the raw data (using a cut-off value of 0.6), except that now w and t have shifted and fall into the first category, too. Choosing a threshold level 0.7 leads to a clear separation of all indices to the two dimensions for the raw data. Now, besides A and e, also g, , hw, R, à Ã¢â€š ¬ fall into the second category, the others into the first category. This is also true for the transformed data with the exception of m which is no more attributed to any of the factors. In contrast Bornmann et al. (2008) assign h and g to the same factor (measuring quantity of the research output). We cannot conclude in the wayas Bornmann et al. (2008) did that the first factor relates to the number of papers in the productive core of the researchers outputs, because indices like f and Ä § load on that factor, but are based on the number of citations in the core. On the other hand, all the indices loading on the second factor reflect the impact of the papers in that core, i.e. the quality dimension. The varimax rotation method is an orthogonal rotation method which assumes that the factors in the analysis are uncorrelated. We have additionally to the varimax orthogonal rotation method, utilized an oblique rotation method (specifically promax oblique rotation with least squares extraction) which in contrast to varimax does not require the factors to be uncorrelated. Such oblique rotation techniques have been favored against the use of orthogonal rotations There are several studies proposing the use of oblique rotation instead of orthogonal rotation methodology (see e.g. McCroskey and Young, 1979). The value of the promax rotation exponent k was set to 4 since that value provided more interpretable results (Tataryn, Wood and Gorsuch, 1999). Table 5: Promax oblique rotated loading matrices for the 3 EFA models with values above 0.5 given in bold face Indices Raw indices x ln(x+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡x Component Component Component 1 2 1 2 1 2 w 0.599 0.384 0.595 0.347 0.612 0.343 h(2) 0.642 0.361 0.669 0.336 0.669 0.336 h 0.866 0.148 0.963 0.037 0.922 0.085 0.864 0.151 0.966 0.037 0.923 0.085 A 0.022 0.978 -0.067 1.055 -0.026 1.020 f 0.829 0.190 0.916 0.093 0.879 0.135 t 0.731 0.298 0.794 0.234 0.769 0.260 g 0.463 0.574 0.445 0.595 0.458 0.581 0.478 0.559 0.470 0.571 0.477 0.563 m 0.571 0.424 0.517 0.410 0.561 0.403 hw 0.479 0.559 0.450 0.590 0.468 0.571 R 0.446 0.591 0.447 0.593 0.449 0.589 [1] Ä § 0.784 0.233 0.744 0.277 0.764 0.255 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0.468 0.545 0.374 0.654 0.416 0.611 e 0.132 0.885 0.039 0.964 0.085 0.926 s 0.884 0.123 0.883 0.125 0.887 0.120 hT 0.881 0.135 0.915 0.098 0.902 0.112 x 0.733 0.266 0.659 0.347 0.707 0.294 Eigenvalues 16.462 15.516 16.018 14.998 16.269 15.233 Applying a threshold value 0.5 the results in Table 5 provide a clear distinction of the indices, in full compliance with the results of varimax rotation (when using the threshold 0.7). 3.2 Expanded Set In an effort to further categorize h-type variants into indices based on quantity and quality Bornmann, Mutz, Daniel, Wallon and Ledin (2009) have re-run the EFA of Bornmann et al. (2008) including the standard bibliometric measures n and S. Along the same lines, we re-ran our EFA including besides n also other bibliometric measures, as in Schreiber (2010), namely the number of cited publications n1, the average number of citations per article = S/n, the highest number of citations c1, and the average number of citations in the elite set defined by Vinkler (2009) as the most cited nà Ã¢â€š ¬=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡n papers. In this way we intend similarly to Bornmann et al. (2009b) a categorization of the indices to the quantity dimension (expressed by n and n1) and the impact dimension (expressed by and c1). The results of the EFA using the least squares extraction method and the varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization are presented in Tables 6, 7 and 8. Once again, the results suggested a factor structure with only two factors having an eigenvalue larger than 1, which both explain 96.1% of the variability in the data. Table 6: KMO test Raw indices x ln(x+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡x KMO 0.66 0.716 0.657 p-value 0.001 0.001 0.001 Table 7: Varimax rotated loading matrices for the 3 EFA models with values above 0.685 given in bold face Indices Raw indices x ln(x+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡x Component Component Component 1 2 1 2 1 2 w 0.685 0.648 0.678 0.591 0.687 0.605 h(2) 0.696 0.665 0.730 0.627 0.721 0.640 h 0.767 0.618 0.833 0.521 0.804 0.565 0.769 0.617 0.837 0.520 0.807 0.563 A 0.496 0.857 0.473 0.869 0.491 0.859 f 0.763 0.629 0.827 0.539 0.799 0.580 t 0.738 0.665 0.790 0.601 0.769 0.627 g 0.658 0.753 0.682 0.731 0.676 0.737 0.662 0.750 0.689 0.725 0.681 0.733 m 0.659 0.692 0.623 0.624 0.658 0.648 hw 0.666 0.745 0.682 0.730 0.681 0.732 R 0.647 0.763 0.674 0.738 0.666 0.746 Ä § 0.806 0.590 0.821 0.565 0.819 0.569 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0.674 0.707 0.675 0.720 0.686 0.710 e 0.541 0.835 0.516 0.848 0.535 0.837 s 0.834 0.550 0.862 0.504 0.853 0.519 hT 0.812 0.580 0.856 0.515 0.840 0.540 x 0.788 0.585 0.781 0.584 0.799 0.569 n1 0.949 0.195 0.950 0.195 0.951 0.190 n 0.958 0.149 0.966 0.143 0.964 0.142 c1 0.346 0.843 0.302 0.853 0.316 0.847 0.369 0.926 0.377 0.927 0.378 0.926 0.107 0.938 0.157 0.952 0.139 0.953 Eigenvalues 11.13 10.975 11.742 10.188 11.614 10.423 Table 8: Variance explained by the 3 EFA models Indices Raw indices x ln(x+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡x w 0.889 0.809 0.837 h(2) 0.926 0.926 0.930 h 0.970 0.965 0.965 0.972 0.971 0.969 A 0.981 0.979 0.979 f 0.977 0.974 0.974 t 0.987 0.985 0.986 g 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 m 0.914 0.778 0.852 hw 0.998 0.998 0.998 R 0.999 0.999 0.999 Ä § 0.998 0.993 0.995 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0.954 0.974 0.976 e 0.990 0.986 0.987 s 0.998 0.997 0.997 hT 0.996 0.998 0.997 x 0.963 0.951 0.961 n1 0.938 0.941 0.940 n 0.940 0.953 0.950 c1 0.830 0.819 0.817 0.993 0.999 0.999 0.891 0.931 0.927 From Table 7 we see that by selecting a threshold between 0.674 and 0.685, we get a clear distinction of all the raw indices, with the first dimension of the EFA comprising w, h(2), h, , f, t, Ä §, s, hT, x, n1, n while A, g, , m, hw, R, à Ã¢â€š ¬, e, c1,   , load on the second factor. The high loadings of n and n1 on the first factor and and on the second factor, mean that by including these standard bibliometric indicators into the analysis we have successfully enforced a distinction separation of between the quantity and the quality dimension. Results of the promax oblique rotation (with k = 3 and least squares extraction) in Table 9 show once again a more distinct separation to the two dimensions. Table 9: Promax oblique rotated loading matrices for the raw indices with values above 0.54 given in bold face Indices Raw indices x Component 1 2 w 0.548 0.481 h(2) 0.554 0.497 h 0.667 0.402 0.670 0.401 A 0.206 0.839 f 0.656 0.419 t 0.607 0.477 g 0.462 0.628 0.469 0.621 m 0.493 0.550 hw 0.477 0.613 R 0.443 0.645 Ä § 0.730 0.348 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0.506 0.561 e 0.273 0.789 s 0.785 0.284 hT 0.742 0.333 x 0.710 0.350 n1 1.104 -0.222 n 1.139 -0.284 c1 0.023 0.895 0.012 0.988 -0.326 1.134 Eigenvalues 17.577 17.441 The obtained results suggest that the g-index (accordingly also ) contributes more in measuring the quality dimension, whereas the h-index (and accordingly ) measures mostly the quantity dimension. To achieve an even clearer categorization of the indices we have performed the analysis including also the total number of citations S, as this specific metric has been also utilized by Bornmann et al. (2008). The contribution of the indices to the two factors shown in Table 10 yields a clear distinction in full agreement with Table 7, if again the threshold value 0.685 is used. Table 10: Varimax rotated loading matrices for the raw indices with values above 0.685 given in bold face Indices Raw indices x Component 1 2 w 0.686 0.646 h(2) 0.694 0.664 h 0.767 0.616 0.769 0.616 A 0.499 0.855 f 0.763 0.627 t 0.739 0.663 g 0.659 0.752 0.663 0.748 m 0.661 0.691 hw 0.668 0.743 R 0.648 0.761 Ä § 0.807 0.588 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0.681 0.703 e 0.543 0.834 s 0.835 0.548 hT 0.813 0.579 x 0.794 0.581 n1 0.951 0.192 n 0.959 0.146 S 0.782 0.581 c1 0.354 0.840 0.372 0.924 0.106 0.939 Eigenvalues 11.795 11.261 A rather surprising result is that S exhibits higher loading on the first factor, rather than on the second factor on which the other indicators that are based on the citations load strongly. That was already observed by Schreiber et al. (2011), and might be explained by the assumption that S correlates more strongly with n than with , since more papers attract more citations. This may also be an indication that S is not the best indicator for measuring quality. The same argument applies to Ä §, because it is proportional to . Thus it loads strongly on the first factor just like S. Most distinctive (except from the standard bibliometric indices) in terms of very high loadings are A and e belonging clearly in the group of indices measuring the impact of the productive core and Ä §, s, x and hT measuring the number of papers in the productive core. 4. Conclusions In this paper we have examined the relationship of the h-index with other related indices measuring research performance using exploratory factor analysis. We have shown, that for our dataset consisting of a wide variety of bibliometric indices, for most of the investigated indices a distinction was evident to one of the two basic dimensions of scientific performance, namely the quality and quantity of scientific output. In summary, two different groups of indices were identified according to the results of EFA. Generally, there was strong indication based on the results of the conducted EFA that most of the indices cannot be fully categorized in any of the two factors. However, for some of the indices there is a stronger tendency to describe the quantity of the productive core. Among these indices are the w, h(2), h, , f, t, Ä §, s, hT, and x. Especially for the h-index, both quantity and impact of articles are taken into account, however the analysis suggests that quantity of publications plays the most important role. In the same manner, for other indices there is a stronger tendency to describe the impact of the productive core, including the A, g, , m, hw, R, à Ã¢â€š ¬ and e. These results also confirm the results of Schreiber (2010a), who based on theoretical arguments suggests that g, A and R belong to the same category of indices, and contrast the different classifications between g and A, R by Bornmann et al. (2008). Nevertheless, the present investigation adds to the results derived by Schreiber et al. (2011), by generalizing the preliminary findings obtained using a set of 7 indices, this time by including most of the important h-type indices proposed to correct insufficiencies of the Hirsch index.

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DanteS Inferno (1497 words) Essay Example For Students

DanteS Inferno (1497 words) Essay DanteS InfernoBrian Bozarth Bozarth 1Mrs. ThurmondEnglish IV ? 6December 6, 2000Dantes InfernoDante Aleghieri was born in Florence Italy in 1265. In his life he composed many great works of literature, but two stood out among the rest: ?La Vita Nuova? and ?The Comedy.? ?La Vita Nuova? is a collection of his sonnets, love poems, and lyrics. ?The Comedy? is an epic poem broken down into three different parts: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paridisio; Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. The first section is the Inferno (Hell), in which Dante is sent to observe since he cannot ascend the Mountain of Virtue. He could not go up The Mountain of Virtue because three beasts stood in his way: the leopard of malice and fraud, the lion of violence and ambition, and the she wolf of incontinence (Ciardi 27). Dante cannot ascend the mountain because they are the sins he cannot conquer without the help of God. Guided by his friend and fellow poet Virgil, they travel throughout the various pouches and circles of Hell. ?The Inferno? is a landmark in the development in European language and literature, for it stands as one of the greatest poems of all time. Its poetic beauty and the views and themes it encompasses is virtually unmatched by any other medieval poem. In reading ?The Inferno? one notices three major themes. First there is the eternal justice of God, in which Dante gives each sinner his due by paying or perfecting the sins they committed in life; the Bozarth 2punishment always fits the crime. Secondly we see the eternal glory of Rome as the head of separate but equal bodies of church and state; Jesus Christ and Julius Caesar (spark notes). Last is the eternal danger of politics, which brought many if not most of the sinners to Dantes hell (spark notes).in 1302 Dante was exiled by the leaders of the Black Guelphs, the political faction in power at the time. 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Now they know what it is to die eternally: ? ?O lofty power who through these impious gyres lead me around as you see fit, I said, ?I want to know, I want to understand:the people buried there in sepulchers, can they be seen? I mean since all the lidsare off the tomb and no one stands guard.And he: They will forever be looked up,They will return here from Jehosephat With the bodies they have left up in the world. .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c , .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .postImageUrl , .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c , .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c:hover , .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c:visited , .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c:active { border:0!important; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c:active , .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaeb472c724308b32503f02ae84bf128c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: One Child Policy In China EssayThe private cemetery on this sideServes Epicurus and his followers,Bozarth 4Who make the soul die when the body dies(Musa 81). This is a more physical punishment to be translated literally. One of the most disgusting punishment is the inferno is the one of the flatterers. As Dante and Virgil are walking across a bridge, Dante looks down and sees the flatterers plunged in excrement. Keep in mind that this is meant to be more physical than mental:Steaming from the pit, a vapour roseOver the banks, crusting them with a slimeThat sickened my eyes and hammered my nose. That chasm sinks so deep we could not sightIts bottom anywhere until we climbedAlong the rock arch to its greatest height. Once there, I peered down; and I saw long linesOf people in a river of excrementThat seemed the overflow of the worlds latrines (Ciardi 161). The irony here is, since in life the sinner spewed excrement from his mouth to flatter people while he was alive, he will have to lie in excrement for all eternity. This was a known practice in medieval torture (Digital Dante). Bozarth 5Simonists are ones who use their power in the church to acquire money and wealth (Ciardi 166). There are two descriptions of punishment of simonists. The first one is described by the author John Robinson as: a man would be chained down to a bare bed with his feet hanging off the edge, and then his feet would be burned by red hot charcoals. The second is to be buried head down in the sand alive with the sinners feet exposed to the air: ?those soles of every sinners feet, and then the legs up to the calf ? the rest stuffed inside? (Musa 154). Its like a reverse baptismal. When a baby is born it is dipped head fir st in the water; feet exposed to the air. In the same way Dante shows this reverse baptismal after death. In the sixth bolgia of the eighth circle of hell we see the hypocrites (Ciardi 195). For being a hypocrite in Dantes hell one would be made to wear a lead cape. This punishment Dante borrows from the court of Emperor Fredrick II. Fredrick was well known for his lead capes. Dantes capes were brightly colored and gleaming on the outside while lead underneath. Fredrick used his capes to punish treason in much the same way Dante used the capes to punish hypocrisy. The cloaks are a metaphor for the hypocrite characters; they are not what they seem to be. These examples of punishment are all physically agonizing. Dante borrowed all of these from medieval forms of punishment. These punishments were meant by Dante to be interpreted literally. On the other hand there are Dantes creative punishments are to be taken metaphorically. It is possible for the more creative punishments to inflict mental and physical pain. Bozarth 6One of Dantes more creative punishments is the one for the lustful. The lustful are members of the sinners if incontinence, are doomed to spend all eternity swirling in a violent tempest (Ciardi 61). Although they are subject to physical discomfort, the real punishment is psychological. Since these sinners were not able to control their desire in life or internal control, they are now condemned to a lack of external control forever. This is the difference between the more literal and metaphorical punishments. One last example of Dantes punishments is the punishment for the fortune tellers. In Canto XX Dante describes a procession of mute and weeping bodies who had their heads on backwards; they had to walk backwards to be able to see in front of them (Ciardi 174). In Dantes time fortunetellers were considered the lowest class of people, they were considered blasphemers and heretics. They were doomed to mourn in a procession walking backward forever. To claim to be able to see the future Dante made it so they wanted to see in front of them they have to walk backwards and if they want to walk forward they have to look behind them. Although less painful, it is very psychologically damaging. .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c , .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .postImageUrl , .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c , .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c:hover , .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c:visited , .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c:active { border:0!important; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c:active , .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1970d4904d78ead6f2cf3040156a5b6c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: National Socialism EssayThrough these types of punishments we can see how truly horrible hell is. Dante always come up with a punishment to coincide perfectly with the sin; the punishment always fits the crime, thus illustrating the eternal justice of God. Whether the punishments were to be interpreted literally or nor all are truly and equally agonizing. The inferno is truly one of the greatest works of literary art. It Bozarth 7deals with one of the greatest questions of humanity: the existence of an after life and the consequences of sin on earth. Poetry Essays